The name is Haitian French, apparently with reference to an ogre of folk tales. According to Pierre-Charles (1973), the urban lumpenproletariat was the social background of most macoutes. The Cambodian Santebal started out as a secret police force under the Khmer Rouge regime and ultimately ended up morphing into essentially an extermination squad. Also, for the first time in Haitis history, women (Trouillot, 1990: 153 and 167), children and even infants were targeted by the regime. Described by one commentator as an 'international crime scene' rather than a country, Haiti became infamous around the world during the reign of Francois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier, a former doctor who murdered 100,000 people and formed a private band of killers called the Tonton Macoutes. Duvalier created the militia, because he felt threatened by the Haitian army. Inter-American Commission of Human Rights (ICHR), Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 1988-1989, Washington, D.C., 1990. Love words? The following day, after the macoutes arrested two peasant leaders opposed to taxes, the local population burned down the mayors office and took down the black-and-red flag of the Duvalier regime (the original Haitian flag was blue-and-red). Wearing their trademark mirrored sunglasses and designer T-shirts, these murderers and cannibals were named after a terrifying bogeyman from Haitian mythology, who carried off naughty children into slavery. _ *** (Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, 1997: Chapter V, b; Americas Watch, 1991: 4). With nearly a half a million informants alone working for the Securitate, every facet of Romanian life was under surveillance, and even the most banal of criticism towards the regime could be met with severe punishment. Haiti contains relatively small amounts of gold, silver, antimony, tin, lignite The massacre contributed to the emergence a week later of the September 1988 Haitian coup d'tat against the Henri Namphy regime, which brought to power Prosper Avril. Their executions were summary and swift, and most often evidence was sparring at best. In less than 11 years, the Khmer Rouge and its secret police murdered nearly two million people. The victims of Tontons Macoutes could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had previously supported an opposing politician to a businessman who refused to donate money for public works (which were the source of profit for corrupt officials and even the dictator himself). [6], Led by Emmanual Constant, FRAPH differed from the Tonton Macoute in its denial to submit to the will of a single authority and its cooperation with regular military forces. Papa Doc Duvalier created the Tontons Macoutes because he perceived the military to be a threat to his power. Two years before the end of his mandate, President Aristide was destabilized by repeated, massive demonstrations led by student organizations since the end of 2002. There have been many brutal regimes in history that have employed a secret police service to carry out everything from intelligence activities against its citizens, to terror and mass executions. To this day, no judicial inquiry has been opened on this event. Literature. _ *** (Castor, 1988: 173-175; Gaillard, 1983: 282; Renda, 2001: 34). The total number of political prisoners who starved to death, were executed, or died under torture in public or private prisons remains unknown. The Securitate was also responsible for brutally crushing the dissident movements that attempted to gain footing in Romania starting in the later 1960s under totalitarian ruler Nicolae Ceausescu. 589-636. Tonton Macoutes | Infoplease A few days prior to January 17, a Justice of the Peace had ordered the arrest of 27 peasants from Gervais after the destruction of a storage area belonging to another party to the conflict. Americas Watch Committee (U.S.), National Coalition for Haitian Refugees, Caribbean Rights (Organization). 2022 The Progressive Inc. 931 E. Main Street, Suite 10 Madison, Wisconsin 53703 (608) 257-4626, Memories of a Duvalier Massacre, 50 Years Later. Tonton Macoute was a Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier.In 1970, the militia was officially renamed the Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (Militia of National Security Volunteers or MVSN, probably taking name from the homonymous Italian Fascist paramilitary organization). So widely feared that the Haitian population referred to its members as a mythological creature, the Tonton Macoute, a sort of ghoul who kidnaps misbehaving children and eats them for breakfast, Haitian dictator Franois 'Papa Doc' Duvaliers secret police force, founded in 1959, the MVSN were highly feared, and extremely brutal. Emmanuel was a Vodou Hougan (priest) in Port Au Prince, Haiti, where he lived with his wife and children. The first independent black state, set up 200 years ago after a rebellion by African slaves against colonial France, the mountainous island is home to exotic birds and animals and mist-shrouded. Several families from Jrmie (the Sansericq, Drouin and Villedrouin families) were entirely wiped out. After 15 more years of bloodshed and oppression, the people finally rose up in 1986 and Baby Doc was forced to flee into exile in France. History beckons for Haiti in WWC Playoff final vs. Chile Cattle was killed or taken away by looting soldiers. Les Tonton Macoute se dplacent dans l'ombre, comme des fantmes. Available at:http://www.ijdh.org/2001/06/archive/brian-concannon-justice-for-haiti-the-raboteau-trial/. The St. Jean Bosco massacre took place in Haiti on 11 September 1988. A Decade of Impunity in Haiti, Human Rights Watch, vol. National Coalition for Haitian Rights (NCHR), Communiqu de Presse, Port-au-Prince, December 5, 2004. After 40 years, the Stasi disbanded with the fall of East Germany. The other four were killed by a firing squad as an example, following an order from Laborde Corvoisier. Tonton Macoute Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More | AllMusic [9][10] They were then renamed to Milice Civile (Civilian Militia), and after 1962, Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (Volunteers of the National Security, or VSN). Explore Tonton Macoute's discography including top tracks, albums, and reviews. In the episode, Doakes has an altercation with Jacques Bayard, a past member of Tonton Macoute. onmyoji exchange center redemption code; working breed german shepherd puppies; cumberland county high school football; sjrwmd staff directory; Their unrestrained state terrorism was accompanied by corruption, extortion and personal aggrandizement among the leadership. Nonetheless the regime pushed forward and even had a national party for the Tontons Macoute. Tonton Macoute - Rate Your Music The dictatorship of the Duvalier family in Haiti - UKEssays.com A confidential memorandum of the Secretary of the Navy (in Gaillard, 1981: 238-241) criticized these indiscriminate killings against natives during several weeks. In July 1920, H.J. The most feared paramilitary group during the 1990s was the Front for the Advancement and Progress of Hati (FRAPH) which Toronto Star journalist Linda Diebel described as modern Tonton Macoutes and not as the political party they claimed to be.[1]. 1994 (April 22): Event known as the massacre de Raboteau. In Raboteau, a shantytown of Gonaives, Artibonite, army soldiers and FRAPH members killed 14 opponents to the regime in a well-planned operation. Biden administration drafts UN resolution for deployment of foreign Frre, Grard-Alphonse, Liste partielle des victimes de la dictature duvaliriste, 1957-1986, not dated. The Tonton Macoutes wore straw hats, blue denim shirts and dark glasses, and were armed with machetes and guns. 06:29 EST 14 Jan 2010. In several occasions, young children were tortured. The Tonton Macoutes then tie the ropes around the men's biceps to bind them to the poles and keep them upright. Haitian police and military units also acted with impunity. 1987 (July 23): Event known in collective memory as the Jean-Rabel massacre. In the vicinity of Jean-Rabel (in the Northwest of the country), paramilitary groups led by macoutesand acting upon orders from a local land oligarch, Rmy Lucas, killed at least 139 peasants (300 according to various human rights groups and the OAS, and 1,042 according to Nicol Poitevien, one of the self-proclaimed assassins). A judicial inquiry was opened in July 1994. Geographic (and cultural) isolation of the rural population in the center of the country impeded the flow of information and testimony on acts of violence committed in these areas. In rural areas, these attacks against civilian populations, starting in 1919, are still present in collective memory. Gaillard, Roger, La Rpublique Exterminatrice, Cinquime Partie. Il est sorti et dans le sentier les Tontons Macoute ont tir sur lui d'une voiture. On October 5, the Dominican army closed the border to prevent Haitians from escaping. According to an OAS report (ICRH, 1991), the roots of the killing lie in a land conflict in the village of Terre-Casse, near Gervais, Guyton and Coligny, opposing several peasant families and local small landowners since 1973. In 1970 the militia was renamed the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (VSN, Volunteers of the National Security). Tontons Macoutes | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Those dead, too, will be remembered on this now-layered anniversary. 1986 (April 26): Event known in collective memory as the massacre of Fort-Dimanche. Army soldiers and attachs opened fire on a peaceful demonstration attempting to honor the victims of the Duvalier regime in the Fort-Dimanche prison (the date of April 26th was also in reference to the 1963 killing). On January 17, the Section Chief (a local official) and his subordinates killed a peasant while executing the Judges arrest order. H.J. But the torment did not end with the Duvaliers. _ *** (Benoit, 2003: 6-9; Pierre-Charles, 2000: 112-113). Students were crushed. tonton macoute massacre - rajayounasmyrtlebeach.com The Stasi was communist East Germanys Cold War secret police force. Following considerable pressure from the United Nations, the OAS and human rights groups, an internal investigation was carried out. Former Tonton Macoutes Sentenced to Death for 1965 Killings PIERRE-YVES GLASS February 12, 1987 PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti (AP) _ A former member of the Duvalier family's private army has been sentenced to death for killing three people by firing a machine gun into a Carnival party in 1965, a court official said Thursday. The Tontons Macoutes were an ubiquitous presence in a rigged 1961 election in which Duvalier was unanimously reelected to another term, and once again in 1964 when Duvalier held a rigged referendum that declared him President for Life. Navnet (bogstaveligt "Onkel strtaske") kom fra et navn fra haitisk voodoo for manden med leen.Da snnen Jean-Claude Duvalier "Baby Doc" overtog prsidentposten efter faderens dd i 1971, fik privatmilitsen det officielle navn Milice de . The number of victims is unknown but is said to be above three hundred for the first two days. The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable ELIZABETH KNOWLES The Tonton Macoutes (singular Tonton Macoute referring to a member thereof; or Ton Ton Macoute) was a Haitian militia force under the control of Franois Duvalier. For a detailed list of the most emblematic individuals responsible for executions and killings committed by macoutesand the military, see Pierre-Charles (2000: 45-49). 1919 (November): At least two US planes bombed and shot at the civilian population of two villages of Thomazeau, in the southeastern region of the central plateau, and allegedly killed half of their inhabitants. Roc, Nancy, Requiem pour la Scierie, in Alterpress, Port-au-Prince, April 16, 2004. Soon after Papa Doc Duvalier became president, Emmanuel found his political views at odds with Papa Doc and his secret police, the Tonton Macoute. The survivors, hiding in the woods and terrified, wrote to a French priest residing nearby to ask for his protection. In the Port-au-Prince neighborhood of Carrefour Vincent, an undetermined number of army soldiers and paramilitary groups attacked a house with automatic weapons, tear gas and grenades. Mission Civile Internationale en Hati (MICIVIH), Rapport Trimestriel avril-juin 1999, Port-au-Prince, 1999. p. 21. ", Montas recalls "the smell of rotting bodies for days, but also the gripping smell of fear. tonton macoute Add phonetic spelling Translations of tonton macoute Russian : - French : tontons macoutes Korean : Spanish : los tonton macoute Chinese : macoute Show more Translation Translate this word/phrase Add tonton macoute details Meanings for tonton macoute Add a meaning Synonyms for tonton macoute Add synonyms Romulus, Marc, Les Cachots des Duvalier. 5, 2003. _ *** (ICHR, 1988; Wilentz 1990; Pierre-Charles, 2000: 141). Memories of a Duvalier Massacre, 50 Years Later While executions were not as widespread as other secret police forces, torture was a matter of course, with many political prisoners left in solitary confinement for lengthy periods of time, deprived of sleep and burned, either by cigarette, grills or even acid. Available at:http://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article1374#.XMLOZJMzbUI. Noun Macoute ( pl. 1993 (December 27): The FRAPH killed 37 people, while 26 others from the Cit Soleil shantytown were victims of forced disappearance. Over 1,000 houses were set on fire and destroyed by paramilitaries attempting to avenge the death of a FRAPH member in the area. He was overthrown and exiled on September 30, 1991. Some will commemorate it on social media, on Twitter and Facebook. Massacre du 26 Avril 1963 : Vido de la terreur des Duvalier. According to Pierre-Charles (2000), there were several hundred victims during this year alone. Many people were outraged that these individuals could appear on television, without any disguise, confess their participation in these events and threaten future criminal acts with no fear of being arrested by the authorities."[4]. 1991 (October 2): The army killed at least 7 individuals in Gonaives, Artibonite, including one child and one adolescent, during a demonstration in support of President Aristide. On November 9, 2000, after a highly symbolic trial broadcasted live on the radio and led by the judicial authorities with assistance from international organizations, including the United Nations, 16 individuals out of the 29 tried were sentenced to prison terms. Tradues em contexto de "massacre 11" en ingls-portugus da Reverso Context : Skip to the part where you convince him to massacre 11 people. 1963 (April 26): In Port-au-Prince, macoutescarried out a series of assassinations of the families of alleged opponents to the government after a failed attempt to kidnap Papa Docs son Jean-Claude. This church was the parish of the priest (and future President) Jean-Bertrand Aristide, then a staunch opponent of military rule and Duvalierism, who may have been the original target of the attackers, before he was evacuated from the church. _ *** (Pierre-Charles, 2000: 85-86; Avril, 1999: 146-149; Interviews with witnesses). Unpaid volunteers who were directly responsible only to Duvalier, they were given virtual license to torture, kill, and extort. In Delmas 31, the crowd discovered 7 prisoners at the private residence of macouteErnst Bros (Pierre-Charles, 2000: 56). His gang lives on, murdering innocent people and allegedly eating their organs. In 2001, for the first time in Haitis history, police officers were tried for human rights violations; four of them were convicted and received the minimum sentence for such a crime according to the law, three years imprisonment. It was notorious for its widespread and brutal . Seligman estimated the number of innocent victims (men, women and children) at 3,000. One of the most brutal secret police forces as well, the Securitate was responsible for monitoring and spying on Romanian citizens, as well as their arrests, tortures and executions. 1902 (August 8): In Petit-Gove, 450 civilians died in a fire which destroyed the town; it had allegedly been lit by the government forces of General Carri to force out the pro-Firmin forces. This subject is politically and emotionally charged. After the revolution in Iran in 1979, SAVAK was nominally disbanded, and a new Iranian secret police force, SAVAMA, as largely feared as its predecessor, took over. The Tonton Macoutes, or macoutes, became an important piece of the repression apparatus of the regime, which used them to terrorize, torture and kill opponents (Diederich and Burt, 2005). The bloodbath began at the home of Montas's neighbor, Lieutenant Franois Benoit, an elite marksman who had been dismissed from the army. Duvalier employed the Tonton Macoute in a reign of terror against any opponents, including those who proposed progressive social systems. Michle Montas feels the same urgency in commemorating April 26 this year. [17] The Tonton Macoute was heavily influenced by Vodou tradition with denim uniforms resembling clothing like Azaka Medeh, the patron of farmers, and the use of the machete in symbolic reference to Ogun, a great general in Vodou tradition. "Soldiers and Tonton Macoutes seemed infected with a blood lust and shot anyone who moved or came near the Benoit place," retired Marine Corps officer Charles T. Williamson, in Haiti to help train Duvalier's army, wrote in his 1999 memoir, United States Naval Mission to Haiti, 1959-1963. Recently, Francois Duvalier's grandson, Jean Claude's son, Franois-Nicolas Duvalier, an adviser to Haiti's current president Michel Martelly, wrote an opinion piece praising his grandfather's "republican values" and calling him a "great nationalist.". After the country's first free elections in 1991, the new president, Jean Bertrand Aristide, was forced to flee after a coup by corrupt military figures keen to control lucrative cocaine smuggling routes. The Tontons Macoutes wore straw hats, blue denim shirts and dark glasses, and were armed with machetes and guns. The NKVD had important rolesin the implementation and execution of the Gulags, as well as during the Second World War. _ In addition to the repression of the rebellion, between hundreds and thousands of civilians died or were killed during forced labor operations called corve, mainly the construction of roads throughout the country. Castor, Suzy, Le Massacre de 1937 et les relations hatiano-dominicaines, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince, 1988. *** (Chassagne, 1999: 235-262; Pierre-Charles, 2000: 94-102). Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network, Asia-Pacific under Japanese occupation during World War II. Tontons Macoutes often stoned and burned people alive. An unruly teen survives the night while being hunted by the Haitian Boogieman. It had become the norm, whole families guilty by bloodline, condemned, executed.". 1988 (September 11): Event known as the massacre de Saint-Jean Bosco. Under General Namphys rule, unidentified armed men (probably former macoutes) killed at least 13 individuals (and wounded 80 more) inside the Saint-Jean Bosco church in Port-au-Prince, during Sunday mass. The meaning of MACOUTE is obsolete variant of macuta. The latter believe the massacre was manufactured to be used against President Aristide. 53 Tonton Macoutes Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images Archival Browse 53 tonton macoutes stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. Created as a paramilitary force that answered only to Duvalier, the MVSN was implemented to remove any perceived threats to the Presidents power, ofwhich there were many. National Coalition for Haitian Refugees, Americas Watch, Haiti. Gaillard, Roger, Les Blancs dbarquent, V. Hinche mise en croix, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince, 1982. Leaving Home 4. Tonton Macoute - Wikipdia, a enciclopdia livre Political satire was added to the stewpot of artistic influences when the dictator "Papa Doc" Duvalier came to power in 1957, terrorising the people of Haiti by means of his brutal Tonton. Baby Doc, his deranged son, took over and continued the terror. In 1993, I watched as the might of the U.S. military was repelled by mobs armed with stones and clubs when American troops arrived to restore order. _ The racism of the US Marines, most of whom were from the South of the United States (particularly Louisiana and Alabama), has been presented as a factor in the indiscriminate killings of niggers who pretend to speak French (in the words of a US general). Cambronne did this through his company "Hemocaribian" and shipped five tons of plasma per month to US Labs. The Tonton Macoute ( Haitian Creole: Tonton Makout) [1] [2] [3] or simply the Macoute [4] [5] was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier. At least two young women, Anne and Ktia, were raped in the pro-Aristide police station of Saint-Marc, where they had come to report the assassination of their spouses. [1] Haitians named this force after the Haitian Creole mythological Tonton Macoute (Uncle Gunnysack) bogeyman who kidnaps and punishes unruly children by snaring them in a gunnysack (macoute) and carrying them off to be consumed at breakfast.[2][3]. Gaillard, Roger, Les Blancs dbarquent, III. [6] Massacres led by paramilitary groups spawned from the Macoutes continued during the following decade. Statements by several officers have established that they did not know the reasons for their execution. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (ICHR), Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 1990-1991, Organization of American States (OAS), General Secretariat, Washington, D.C., 1991. _ *** (ICHR, 1988: 22-23 and 103; ICHR, 1992). Roorda, Eric Paul, The Dictator Next Door: the Good Neighbor Policy and the Trujillo Regime in the Dominican Republic, 1930-1945, Duke University Press, North Carolina, 1998. 3, pp. Repression of these movements followed, then an armed rebellion erupted in January and February 2004. Turits (2003: 169) also contended that Dominican civilians did not participate in the killings, contrarily to Castors perception of the events (1988), as well as that of Haitian collective memory. The names, in Crole, of the US officers who committed acts of violence against civilians, are still present in collective memory in the affected areas: Ouiliyanm (Lieutenant Lee Williams), Linx (Commandant Freeman Lang) and Captain Lavoie (Gaillard, 1981: 27-71). This was the name given to the members of the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (National Security Volunteers), Franois and Jean-Claude Duvaliers militia force, created because Papa Doc did not trust the military to guarantee his safety. The regime did not formally record who was imprisoned and who was executed, nor did it even attempt to keep track of this. 1991 (January 17): In Gervais, Artibonite, 12 peasants were killed and 8 were disappeared (while 20 others were wounded and 494 houses were allegedly set on fire). In 1995, once constitutional rule and democracy had been restored, the Truth and Justice Commission investigated the crimes and human rights violations committed during this regime and published a detailed report (1995). The strikers were part of a broader movement for democracy. Several families were entirely wiped out. _ The websites mentioned above list most of the victims. 1914-1915. Diederich, Bernard and Burt, Al, Papa Doc and the Tontons macoutes, Princeton, Markus Wiener Publishers, 2005. Montas joins an even shorter list of high profile victims, whom Baby Doc is able to identify by name. Anthropological Reflections on Religion and Violence", "5. The group was tasked with rooting out looters and bandits in the country following a series of mutinies and widespread chaos in the country. tonton macoute massacre - grad-eng.kmitl.ac.th [4], On New Year's Eve Romain, who had taken refuge in the embassy of the Dominican Republic after the September coup, was granted safe passage out of the country, having been granted political asylum by the Dominican Republic. This represented the largest forced disappearance under the Duvaliers. The court of assize immediately sentenced Desyr to death. Eloise was the head of the feared "Tonton Macoute", the Haitian secret police. It was one of the most brutal days of the twenty-nine-year rule of Papa Doc and his son, Jean Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier. News on all your favorite celebs, reality TV, and movies. Former Tonton Macoutes Sentenced to Death for 1965 Killings | AP News From their methods to their choice of clothes, Vodou always played an important role in their actions. According to Danroc and Roussire (1995: 21), 60 other individuals were killed in the dpartement (district) of Artibonite alone, also in an attempt to obstruct the election.

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